LM339 General Description

The LM139 series consists of four independent precision voltage comparators with an offset voltage specification as low as 2 mV max for all four comparators. These were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. These comparators also have a unique characteristic in that the input common-mode voltage range includes ground, even though operated from a single power supply voltage.

Application areas include limit comparators, simple analog to digital converters; pulse, squarewave and time delay generators; wide range VCO; MOS clock timers; multivibrators and high voltage digital logic gates. The LM139 series was designed to directly interface with TTL and CMOS. When operated from both plus and minus power supplies, they will directly interface with MOS logic— where the low power drain of the LM339 is a distinct advantage over standard comparators.

LM339 Features

• Wide supply voltage range
• LM139/139A Series 2 to 36 VDC or ±1 to ±18 VDC
• LM2901: 2 to 36 VDC or ±1 to ±18 VDC
• LM3302: 2 to 28 VDC or ±1 to ±14 VDC
• Very low supply current drain (0.8 mA) — independent of supply voltage
• Low input biasing current: 25 nA
• Low input offset current: ±5 nA
• Offset voltage: ±3 mV
• Input common-mode voltage range includes GND
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Low output saturation voltage: 250 mV at 4 mA
• Output voltage compatible

LM339 Advantages

• High precision comparators
• Reduced VOS drift over temperature
• Eliminates need for dual supplies
• Allows sensing near GND
• Compatible with all forms of logic
• Power drain suitable for battery operation

LM339 Pinout

LM339 pinout

 LM339 Basic Voltage Comparator Circuit

LM339 basic voltage comparator circuit

LM339 data sheet PDF Download

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1n4148 General Description

The UTC 1N4148 is designed for high-speed switching application in hybrid thick-and thin-film circuits. The devices is manufactured by the silicon epitaxial planar process and packed in plastic surface mount package.

1n4148 Features:

• Ultra-high speed
• Low forward voltage
• Fast reverse recovery time

1n4148 Application

High-speed switching

1n4148 SOD27 & DO-35 Pinout

1n4148 SOD-27& DO35 pinout

1n4148 SMD Pinout for SOT-23, SOT-323, SOD-123, SOD-323

1n4148 smd SOT-23, SOT-323, SOD-123, SOD-323 pinout

1n4148 SOT-23, SOT-323, SOD-123, SOD-323 pin assignment

1n4148 Data sheet PDF Download

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ATmega16 General Description

The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

ATmega16 Feature

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel® AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
– 16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
– 512 Bytes EEPROM
– 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
– Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
– Extensive On-chip Debug Support
– Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Four PWM Channels
– 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby
and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 32 Programmable I/O Lines
– 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7V – 5.5V for ATmega16L
– 4.5V – 5.5V for ATmega16
• Speed Grades
– 0 – 8 MHz for ATmega16L
– 0 – 16 MHz for ATmega16
• Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25°C for ATmega16L
– Active: 1.1 mA
– Idle Mode: 0.35 mA
– Power-down Mode: < 1 μA

ATmega16 Pinout

ATmega16 pinout PDIP

ATmega16 pinout TQFP/QFN/MLF

ATmega16 Data sheet PDF Download

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ATmega328 General Description

AVRs have been used in various automotive applications such as security, safety, powertrain and entertainment systems. Atmel has recently launched a new publication “Atmel Automotive Compilation” to help developers with automotive applications. Some current usages are in BMW, Daimler-Chrysler and TRW.

The Arduino physical computing platform is based on an ATmega328 microcontroller (ATmega168 or ATmega8 in older board versions than the Diecimila). The ATmega1280 and ATmega2560, with more pinout and memory capabilities, have also been employed to develop the Arduino Mega platform. Arduino boards can be used with its language and IDE, or with more conventional programming environments (C, assembler, etc.) as just standardized and widely available AVR platforms.

USB-based AVRs have been used in the Microsoft Xbox hand controllers. The link between the controllers and Xbox is USB. (wikipedia)

ATmega328 Features

High Performance, Low Power Atmel®AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments
– 4/8/16/32KBytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory
– 256/512/512/1KBytes EEPROM
– 512/1K/1K/2KBytes Internal SRAM
– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Atmel® QTouch® library support
– Capacitive touch buttons, sliders and wheels
– QTouch and QMatrix® acquisition
– Up to 64 sense channels
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Six PWM Channels
– 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement
– 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
Temperature Measurement
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage:
– 1.8 – 5.5V
• Temperature Range:
– -40°C to 85°C
• Speed Grade:
– 0 – 4MHz@1.8 – 5.5V, 0 – 10MHz@2.7 – 5.5.V, 0 – 20MHz @ 4.5 – 5.5V
• Power Consumption at 1MHz, 1.8V, 25°C
– Active Mode: 0.2mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.1ìA
– Power-save Mode: 0.75ìA (Including 32kHz RTC)

ATmega328 TQFP and PDIP Pinout 

atmega328 pinout fro 32TQFP & 28 PDIP

ATmega328 MLF SMD Pinout

atmega328 pinout for 28 MLF & 32 MLF

ATmega328 Block Diagram

atmega328 block diagram

ATmega328 PDF Datasheet Download

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741 General Description

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.

The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.

The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0°C to +70°C temperature range, instead of −55°C to +125°C.

Op Amps General Description

An operational amplifier (“op-amp”) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.

Operational amplifiers are important building blocks for a wide range of electronic circuits. They had their origins in analog computers where they were used in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. Their popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact that characteristics of the final op-amp circuits with negative feedback (such as their gain) are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself. (wikipedia)

741 Pinout Diagram

741 pinout diagram

741 Basic Comparator Circuit

741 comparator circuit

741 Data sheet PDF Download

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PIC16f877a General Description

 PIC is a family of modified Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument’s Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to “Peripheral Interface Controller”.

PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability.

Microchip announced on September 2011 the shipment of its ten billionth PIC processor. (wikipedia)

 

PIC16f877a Features

• Analog Comparator module with: Two analog comparators & Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
• Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference
• Comparator outputs are externally accessible
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving Sleep mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
• Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
• Commercial and Industrial temperature

PIC16f877a 28-pin PDIP & QFN pinout description

PIC16f877a pinout description - 28-pin PDIP & QFN

PIC16f877a 40-pin PDIP & 44-pin PLCC Pinout Diagram

PIC16f877a pinout diagram - 40-pin PDIP & 44-pin PLCC

PIC16f877a 44-pin QFN & TQFP Pinout Configuration

PIC16f877a pinout configuration - 44-pin QFN & TQFP

PIC16f877a Data sheet PDF Download

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L293d General Description

The L293 and L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-supply applications.

All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo-Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full-H (or bridge) reversible drive  suitable for solenoid or motor applications.

L293d Features

• Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
• Separate Input-Logic Supply
• Internal ESD Protection
• Thermal Shutdown
• High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
• Functionally Similar to SGS L293 andSGS L293D
• Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
• Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
• Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression (L293D)

L293d Pinout

L293d pinout

L293d Function Table & Logic Diagram

L293d Function Table & Logic Diagram

L293d Circuit

L293d circuit - Bidirectional DC Motor Control

L293d Datasheet PDF Download

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BC547 General Description

 The BC548 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor found commonly in European electronic equipment. The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. The BC548 is commonly available in European Union countries. It is often the first type of bipolar transistor young hobbyists encounter, and is often featured in circuit diagrams and designs published in hobby electronics magazines.

If the plastic TO-92 package is held in front of one’s face with the flat side facing toward you and the leads downward, (see picture) the order of the leads, from left to right is collector, base, emitter. (wikipedia)

BC547 Absolute Maximum Rating

• VCBO (Collector-Base Voltage) = 50V
• VCEO (Collector-Emitter Voltage) = 45 V
• VEBO (Emitter-Base Voltage) = 6V
• IC (Collector Current) DC = 100 mA
• PC (Collector Power Dissipation) =  500 mW
• TJ (Junction Temperature) = 150 °C
• TSTG (Storage Temperature) =  -65 ~ 150 °C

BC547 Pinout

BC547 pinout

BC547 Transistor Datasheet PDF Download

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Atmel ATmega8 General Description

The low-power Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 8KB of programmable flash memory, 1KB of SRAM, 512K EEPROM, and a 6 or 8 channel 10-bit A/D converter. The device supports throughput of 16 MIPS at 16 MHz and operates between 2.7-5.5 volts. (Atmel)

Atmel ATmega8 Features:

• High-performance, Low-power Atmel®AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
• 8Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
• 512Bytes EEPROM
• 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
• In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
• True Read-While-Write Operation
• Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
• One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
• Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
• Three PWM Channels

ATMega8 Power Consumption at 4Mhz, 3V, 25°C

• Active: 3.6mA
• Idle Mode: 1.0mA
• Power-down Mode: 0.5μA

Atmel ATmega8 pinout

ATmega8 pinout - PDIP

Atmel ATmega8 General I/O Schematic

ATmega8 schematic - General Input Output

Atmel ATmega8 PDF Data sheet Download

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2N3904 General Description

The 2N3904 is a common NPN bipolar junction transistor used for general purpose low-power amplifying or switching applications. The type was registered by Motorola Semiconductor in the mid-sixties, together with the complementary PNP type 2N3906, and represented a significant performance/cost improvement, with the plastic TO-92 case replacing metal cans. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. This transistor is low cost, widely available and sufficiently robust to be of use by experimenters. When looking at the flat side with the base pointed downward, the three wires emerging from the base are, left to right, the emitter, base and collector leads.(wikipedia)

2N3904 Features:

• This device is designed as a general purpose amplifier and switch.
• The useful dynamic range extends to 100 mA as a switch and to 100 MHz as an amplifier.

2N3904 Pinout

2n3904 to92 sot23 sot223 pinout

2N3904 Absolute Maximum Ratings:

• VCEO  (Collector-Emitter Voltage) = 40 V
• VCBO  (Collector-Base Voltage)  = 60 V
• VEBO  (Emitter-Base Voltage)  = 6.0 V
• IC  (Collector Current – Continuous)  = 200 mA
• TJ, Tstg (Operating and Storage Junction Temperature Range)  = -55 to +150 °C

2N3904 equivalent & complementary

2N3904 is equivalent to 2N2222. 2N2222 is an NPN transistor that can safely switch three times as much current as the 2N3904 but has otherwise similar characteristics. The BC547 can also be a good replacement as well has and a bit more gain, however do note that BC547 has a reverse pinout

The 2N3906 is the complementary (PNP) transistor for the 2N3904.

2N3904 delay and rise time Equivalent Test Circuit

2n3904 NPN Transistor - Delay and Rise Time Equivalent Test Circuit

2N3904 Data sheet download

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